Fusaka is Ethereum’s latest hard fork, activated in December 2025 as the second major upgrade of the year after Pectra.
The message from the Ethereum Foundation around Fusaka is clear: Ethereum is no longer an experiment. It is infrastructure we want to onboard everyone onto, but without sacrificing decentralization, security, or its long-term sustainability.
On September 25th, the Univesity of Málaga hosted one of the stops of Ethereum on Tour, the global initiative driven by the Ethereum Foundation and BuidlGuidl.
When dealing with Solidity, precision loss is one of those subtle yet devastating issues that can sneak into your code unnoticed—until it’s too late. A tiny miscalculation can cascade into major financial discrepancies, potentially draining funds, misallocating rewards, or even opening doors to exploits. Understanding how and why this happens is critical for writing secure and reliable smart contracts.
But why does Solidity even have precision issues in the first place?
In August 2022, we shared our initial efforts to develop a modular, open-source Hardware Security Module (HSM) platform tailored for blockchain environments. Today, we are excited to update the community on the progress we’ve made, and why this work is more relevant than ever.
Externally Owned Accounts (EOAs) and smart contracts in Ethereum have traditionally been distinct: EOAs are controlled by private keys and can initiate transactions, while smart contracts can execute code when triggered but cannot initiate transactions. EIP-7702 bridges this gap by allowing EOAs to execute code, effectively blurring the lines between them and smart contracts.
One of the most critical security challenges in blockchain networks is protecting cryptographic keys. While hardware wallets provide a robust solution for individual users, securing validator keys in Ethereum’s consensus layer requires a different approach. Hardware Security Modules (HSMs) are commonly used in secure environments to protect private keys and execute cryptographic operations without exposing sensitive material.